Bibliographies: 'Anthropology, Archaeology|Cultural Resources Management' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

The relations between rescue and research have been a lively issue in those many countries where salvage work has become the context for much, or most, funding for archaeological fieldwork. Nowhere has the debate been livelier than in the USA, where the last decade has seen the growth of cultural resource management (CRM), in part ‘as a rebellion against the connotations of the term “salvage archaeology”’ (Knudson 1986:400).The University of Pittsburgh is one of the most active anthropology departments in the field; here the CRM issues are explored, with examples from the Pittsburgh programme.

Abstract:

Since its enactment over five decades ago, the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and the organizations, policies, and regulations implementing it have strongly influenced how archaeology is conducted in the United States. The NHPA created a national network of archaeologists in government agencies. This network reviews the possible impact on important archaeological resources of tens of thousands of public projects planned each year. These reviews often include investigations, of which there have been millions. The archaeological profession has shifted from one oriented mainly on academic research and teaching to one focused on field investigations, planning, resource management, public outreach, and resource protection, bundled under the term cultural resource management (CRM). Since 1966, growth has produced good outcomes as well as some troubling developments. Current and new challenges include avoiding lock-step, overly bureaucratic procedures and finding the financial, professional, and technical resources, as well as political support, to build on the achievements so far.

Abstract:

The articles presented in this volume were prepared for the 1997 Society for Applied Anthropology Meetings held in Seattle, Washington. The purpose of the session was to convey what is happening in the world of cultural resource management in Indian country today. There is a change underway, due primarily to the direct involvement of Native Americans in cultural resource management. The field is changing from viewing cultural resources as sources of scientific information to understanding cultural resources as important parts of indigenous cultural systems.

Abstract:

The primary approaches within contemporary ecological anthropology are cultural ecology, historical ecology, political ecology and spiritual ecology. The cumulative approach developed on by fusing these approaches is applied dimension of ecological anthropology known as environmental anthropology. Human populations have ongoing contact and impact upon the land, climate, plant and animal species in their vicinities and these elements of their environment have reciprocal impacts on humans. The theme of traditional ecological knowledge is important for the consideration of a broad range of question related to nature-environment relations. Different groups of people in various parts of the world perceive and interact with nature differently, and have different traditions of environmental knowledge. Their perceptions and knowledge are partly shaped by their values, worldview and environmental ethics. In the exploration of environmental ethics and religion toward an ecologically sustainable society, indigenous peoples and traditional ecological knowledge have attracted considerable attention from both scholars and popular movements. The lesson from this ield study, under the theoretical outline of cultural and human ecology includes the importance of cultural conservation of forest resources, adaptive management, uses of traditional ecological knowledge and development of religious/spiritual conservation ethic. This may contribute to the development of an interdisciplinary conservation science with a more sophisticated understanding of social-ecological interactions. The indings thus could be used for formulating better policies for sustainable management of forest/natural resources. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjsa.v4i0.4669 Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.IV (2010) 77-90

Abstract:

Anthropology brings its core theoretical tenet that culture frames the way people perceive, understand, experience, and respond to key elements of the worlds which they live in. This framing is grounded in systems of meanings and relationships that mediate human engagements with natural phenomena and processes including climate change. Anthropology’s potential contributions to natural resources, climate and global warming researches are the description and analysis of the mediating layers of cultural meanings, norms and social practices, which cannot be easily incarcerate by methods of other disciplines. There are vital key contributions that anthropology can bring to understandings of climate change. The foremost is awareness to the cultural values and political relations that shape the production and interpretation of climate change knowledge and shape the basis of responses to ongoing environmental changes as ecological colonialism. Anthropological knowledge is holistic –referring to the study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture. Climate change is ultimately about culture, for in its wake, more and more of the intimate human-environment relations, fundamental to the world’s cultural diversity. Anthropological lens cram to learn about human significance of climate change by studying the manner and the knowledge system of people in different cultures and communities to understand to the new threats of climate change, global warming and the local responses to tackle the menace. Through anthropological lenses on the scale of global geopolitics, anthropologists perceive the causes and effects of climate change to be about people and their life, survival, power, ethics and morals, environmental costs and justice, and cultural and spiritual endurance with a perception Raise Your Voice Not Sea Level. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v2i1.10815 Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol.2(1) 2014: 75-92

Abstract:

In the late nineteenth century, while advocates garnered support for a law protecting America's archaeological resources, the U.S. government was seeking to dispossess Native Americans of traditional lands and eradicate native languages and cultural practices. That the government should safeguard Indian heritage in one way while simultaneously enacting policies of cultural obliteration deserves close scrutiny and provides insight into the ways in which archaeology is drawn into complex sociopolitical developments. Focusing on the American Southwest, this article argues that the Antiquities Act was fundamentally linked to the process of incorporating Native Americans into the web of national politics and markets. Whereas government programs such as boarding schools and missions sought to integrate living indigenous communities, the Antiquities Act served to place the Native American past under the explicit control of the American government and its agents of science. This story of archaeology is vital, because it helps explain the contemporary environment in which debates continue about the ownership and management of heritage.

Abstract:

Mesolithic pioneers reached Gotland around 9200 cal BP and adopted seal-hunting. The subsistence economy was flexible, and the importance of freshwater fish is reflected in the location of settlements and available stable isotope data. Overgrowing lakes provided an important subsistence base, and marine resources were mainly related to raw material needs. The narrower breadth of resources is reflected in the osseous production, where implements were made from seal bones. The lithic technology exhibits local adaptations over time – in the form of a simplification of the technology – that we relate to sedentism and increases in risk management and external networks.

Abstract:

SummaryCultural heritage legislation and management commenced in Nigeria seventy years ago. Nonetheless, the Nigerian commission for museums and monuments remains a marginal institution without adequate resources to manage and protect the country's cultural heritage. The consolidating legislation of 1979 was hurriedly enacted and has many defects. The sanctions and protective measures enshrined in the Act are now hopelessly inadequate. In short, the legislation is in need of urgent revision and re-enactment. The cultural heritage managers need to evince a greater commitment and a higher sense of probity than hitherto in order to have a comprehensive cultural heritage management programme for the country. Cultural heritage management in Nigeria today is neither well organized nor co-ordinated. The authorities must appreciate that cultural heritage management has an ideological basis, which is sustaining the cultural identity of a people.

Abstract:

La Blanca is an urban settlement located in the department of Petén, Guatemala. The site played an important role due to its strategic location alongside the Mopán River basin. This paper presents results of the zooarchaeological studies conducted on this archaeological site during the Classic Terminal period (850-1000 A.D.), a time of social upheaval in which the elite of La Blanca left the city and new inhabitants occupied the rooms of its monumental palaces. The animal remains analyzed came from the excavation of the south wing of Palace 6J2 at the Acropolis and represent a unique opportunity to understand the faunal use and management in a period of social and economic crisis. The animals deposited in these rooms pointed to the ritual character of the assemblage as well as the importance of the nearby environment as a means of providing resources for subsistence. The study of the archaeofaunal assemblages represents a first approach to provide clues about the economic importance of the animals and their role in ritual activities during a so debated period in Maya history as the Terminal Classic in the Lowlands.

Abstract:

The term "isolated find" has frequently been taken as a disposable artifact category in cultural resource management (CRM). Efforts were made to empirically demonstrate the fallacy of this concept and its use, using modified field sampling strategies, the inclusion of fine screen artifact analysis, and statistical analyses. Six sites containing prehistoric occupations on Camp McCain National Guard base in Grenada County, Mississippi were reinvestigated using these methods; their datasets were expanded in terms of site size, density, function, and temporal association, which may change their eligibility status for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Fieldwork and classification based solutions are offered to account for biases introduced by current standard methods of sampling and site delineation during Phase I archaeological survey.

Abstract:

Osseous tools are often recovered from coastal archaeological sites in Alaska due to favorable preservation conditions. In northwest Alaska, outside of harpoon typology, these osseous tools are not well analyzed. In 2008, the Office of History and Archaeology (OHA) excavated a multi-component site adjacent to the shore in Kotzebue, Alaska. Organic materials and lithic tools were recovered from three components dated to AD 600, AD 1200-1600, and within the last 300 years. The Shore Avenue collection extends the documented archaeological record of Kotzebue by nearly 750 years. Osseous tools and debitage consisted of 175 artifacts within the collection, while an abundant amount of archaeofauna provided a sample of raw materials available at the site for the manufacture of osseous tools.

This thesis focuses on the probability of raw materials being sourced locally, or through the use of long-distance travel, or trade, through an analysis of the archaeofauna from the Kotzebue Archaeological District, KTZ-036. Such analyses identified caribou antler as a locally-available raw materials for tool production. In contrast, walrus and ivory occurred in much lower frequencies. The archaeological findings were compared with contemporary harvest numbers by modern Native hunters from Kotzebue; the result corroborated the archaeofaunal inferences.

Analyses of the recovered osseous tools revealed a relatively high amount (26.3%) of ivory tools (n=23) and debitage (n=23) for what would be expected through the results of the faunal analysis where walrus made up only 4% (n=22) of the identified sea mammal remains. To determine potential contributing factors for this anomaly, the osseous tools were classified into functional and morphological groups to note possible trends within each group. This was coupled with a literature review of the structural and mechanical characteristics of the osseous materials to identify selective pressures for the manufacture of osseous tools that may push tool-makers to look beyond what is locally available.

Finally a cross-site comparison was completed of eight sites in the Arctic and Subarctic to reveal similarities of use in osseous materials spatially and temporally. Overall, it was determined that when the function of an osseous tool requires it to receive an applied force, a raw material is selected based on its properties that allow it to withstand the applied force. When few or no forces are applied to a tool, selection pressure relaxes, and any osseous material is used in manufacture. Aesthetics of ivory should also be considered, where sheen and carving detail can provide more artistic appeal. These trends are fairly consistent across the Arctic but should be considered in more depth to confirm this observation.

Abstract:

This study involves creating archaeological predictive models (APMs) for Bradford County, Pennsylvania: a known site model, a regression analysis model, and a multi-criteria analysis model. The APMs show the areas of highest sensitivity for archaeological sites but utilize different methods so that the models can be compared. The thesis also compares locations of known archaeological sites and the areas of high archaeological probability to natural gas well sites to determine the impact of natural gas drilling on the archaeological record. Finally, the thesis addresses whether new archaeological sites can be located using different types of remote sensing. The goal of this study is to provide a planning strategy for the protection of cultural resources. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania statewide historic plan for 2012-2017 calls for the creation of a statewide archaeological probability map. This study provides a baseline for the future creation of predictive models for the state of Pennsylvania.

Abstract:

Every year, hundreds of thousands of people visit the Native American ancestral lands in the western United States developed for tourism and recreation. The stewards of these lands seek to engage visitors and enrich their experience, and simultaneously to protect the lands’ natural and cultural resources. To achieve their mission, protected areas regularly use interpretation —materials and experiences that aim to educate visitors about resources and see them as personally meaningful. However, there is little literature on interpretive content in protected areas, few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and little literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas.

I consider the public presentation of archaeology at exemplary protected areas in the U.S. Southwest and Great Basin within a theoretical framework of governmentality and representation. Within a mixed-method research design, this project used participant-observation at thirteen protected area locales to identify interpretive content and representational strategies, and semi-structured interviews with 31 individuals to elicit staff and visitors’ understandings of interpretation and display. This research found three types of narratives in the interpretation sampled—scientific narratives, cultural narratives, and management messages. In general, scientific narratives appeared more frequently than cultural narratives and both appeared more frequently than management messages. Archaeology dominated scientific narratives, cultural continuity dominated cultural narratives, and orientation dominated management messages. In general, archaeology appeared with greater relative frequency than any other component of interpretive content. This study also found that interpretation predominantly adopted a third-person omniscient point of view and represented people predominantly in the ancient past.

This study has both academic and applied outcomes. The work aims to contribute to the scant body of literature on interpretive content in protected areas stewarding natural and cultural resources, the few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and the existing literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas as well as informing future interpretive practice. These findings inform a report on contemporary interpretive practice and recommendations for the public presentation of archaeology delivered to the US Fish and Wildlife Service in December 2013.

Abstract:

Using a memory archaeology paradigm, this dissertation explored from 2010 to 2012 the ways people used place-based narratives to create and maintain the sacredness of four historic battlefields in Montana: Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument; Nez Perce National Historical Park- Bear Paw Battlefield; Nez Perce National Historical Park- Big Hole National Battlefield; and Rosebud Battlefield State Park. This research implemented a mixed-methods approach of four data sources: historical research about on-site interpretation and land management of the battlefields; participant observations conducted during height of tourism season for each battlefield; 1,056 questionnaires administered to park visitors; and 32 semi-structured interviews with park personnel. Before formulating hypotheses to test, a preliminary literature review was conducted on three battlefields (Culloden, Fallen Timbers, and Isandlwana) for any observable patterns concerning the research domain.

This dissertation tested two hypotheses to explain potential patterns at the four battlefields in Montana related to on-site interpretation of primary sources, the sacred perception of battlefields, and the maintenance and expression of place-based cultural heritages and historical knowledge. The first hypothesis examined whether park visitors and personnel perceived these American Indian battlefields as nationally significant or if other heritage values associated with the place-based interpretation of the sacred landscapes were more important. Although park visitors and personnel overall perceived the battlefields as nationally important, they also strongly expressed other heritage values. The second hypothesis examined whether battlefield visitors who made pilgrimages to attend or participate in official on-site commemorations had stronger place-based connections for cultural heritage or historical knowledge reasons than other visitors. Overall, these commemoration pilgrims had stronger connections to the battlefields than other park visitors.

Closer comparisons of the four battlefields demonstrated that they had both similar patterns and unique aspects of why people maintained these landscapes as sacred places.

Abstract:

Anthropology
M.A.
The importance of the site discovery process in archaeological research should not be underestimated. The primary function of an archaeological site discovery survey is to locate, identify and to some degree evaluate the horizontal extent of buried cultural resources (King 1998; Neuman and Sanford 2001, 2010). This thesis examines the effectiveness of archaeological surface and subsurface survey techniques commonly used in the Mid-Atlantic Region of eastern North America. The present work uses a cultural resource management archaeological site discovery survey conducted in 2004 on a 549-acre property located in Loudoun County, Virginia as a case study. The variety of environments, resources and methods employed during this site discovery survey present a unique opportunity to analyze a variety of survey techniques. Specifically, point provenience surface collection, gridded surface collection, shovel testing and close-interval shovel testing are examined. This thesis reveals several key findings. First, all forms of survey technique have benefits and limitations, based on levels of intensity and survey environment. Second, survey objectives, survey environment and logistics all play a part in the decision process for choosing an appropriate survey technique. Third, state guidelines, while an influencing stricture born out of a rich intellectual tradition, should not solely dictate the survey process. Fourth, the use of a variety of complementary techniques is vital to thoroughness in the archaeological process, and, finally, it is necessary to repeatedly investigate and monitor a landscape whenever possible.
Temple University--Theses

Abstract:

The aim of this investigation is to analyze the effects of incorporating scent-based elements in ethnographic exhibits. Specifically, it attempts to identify changes in patron response to a visual display, with and without a scent element. Groups of patrons were observed throughout their engagement with the exhibit, and interviewed post-engagement to generate data on information retention, opinion on content and empathetic response in relation to the exhibit. Findings suggest that the inclusion of scent did increase memorization of the limited facts reinforced through the scent element. However, there was no detectable difference between the groups on measures of overall comprehension of the subject matter, nor their empathetic responses toward the exhibited culture. The results of the study are discussed as a measure of the observer—observed dichotomy, and the argument is made that multisensory representation in the museum can aid in the facilitation of cross-cultural education.

Abstract:

Between 1990 and 2010 changing perceptions of water-scarcity and evolving adaptation strategies to water stress transformed water management in San Diego, California. This project examines how perceptions of water scarcity affect the programmatic variety, geographic scale, and types of adaptations that are undertaken. It also investigates whether a cultural consensus developed within San Diego County as a whole about what causes particular water problems. Lastly, the research shows how adaptation responses to the collective action problem of water provisioning contributed to resolving the other collective action problems of wastewater production and water conservation. The project presents San Diego as an example of polycentric governance arrangements that were adaptive to the challenges of a changing social-ecological system.

Abstract:

Throughout history, the direct or indirect choice of preservation has resulted in the successful incorporation of tangible products of the human past into modern cultural environments. Within the current American historic preservation system, "significance" is used as a delimiter for identifying historic properties that are determined beneficial to the heritage of the American people. As defined under U.S. law, however, "significance" is attributed only to places and objects whose importance is limited within an historical or scientific framework. This thesis proposes that the significance of historic properties transcends the boundaries of these limited frameworks of importance, and demonstrates that the public benefits of preservation are maximized when history is reified through the modern-use of these places and objects as cultural resources for the current and future generations of the American people.

Abstract:

This dissertation examines questions of water sustainability in contexts of wine production and state-led neoliberal development in the Temecula Valley, southern California, where wine tourism is at present being harnessed as an engine of economic growth. Natural and anthropogenic forces, such as global climate change, desertification, urban development, and the marketization and commodification of natural resources, affect the distribution and availability of water throughout the globe. As a result, the use of water, and associated political and environmental processes and consequences, in the production of global commodities, including wheat, citrus, and coffee, recently have come under increased scrutiny. Given wine's importance as a global commodity, and the concurrent growth of wine tourism as a worldwide phenomenon, local and regional water systems experience increasing strain to meet heightened demand for wine and the associated influx of tourists.This dissertation presents an ethnographic account of water use in the production of wine in Temecula, a desert-like setting already deficient in water that faces increasing human-induced pressures on its limited supply. Despite its social importance, very few dedicated ethnographies of wine and winemaking within the United States exist.This dissertation also describes the waterworld of Temecula, using (and critiquing) the model presented by Ben Orlove and Steven C. Caton that examines water in terms of value, equity, governance, politics, and knowledge systems, showing how these elements manifest in three "sites": the watershed, the water regime, and the waterscape. In Temecula, the winery serves as a central locus within the waterworld, a contested representation of the interests, goals, and perspectives of primary actors and stakeholders, while also serving as an important vector of landscape transformation through time. Despite this, no anthropological treatment examining water and winemaking within broader frameworks of the political economy of the environment and historical ecology is extant, a lacuna that this dissertation addresses.Throughout 2012, I conducted ethnographic fieldwork including archival research, interviews, and participant-observation. For the majority of my fieldwork, I spent time at an established winery in Temecula, during which I participated in many tasks related to wine production, with a focus on water use. Throughout this process, I interviewed dozens of people, including long-time residents, early pioneers in the Temecula wine industry, winery and vineyard employees, water management professionals at local and state levels, environmental service technicians, and many others.This dissertation demonstrates that under conditions of neoliberal development in challenging economic times in Temecula, environmental concerns such as water availability and sustainability are suppressed or downplayed in order to prioritize goals related to economic growth and development. Ultimately I suggest that developers and local business leaders are guiding this political legerdemain, even if only implicitly, above the din of objections from at least a good number of area wineries, vineyards, and residents. Also, I suggest that as an applied outcome, the totality of potential costs and outcomes at all scales, including regional, must be considered, rather than obfuscated, simplified, or restricted to a local boundary, especially in terms of natural resources and their governance, when such areas lie within locales inexorably connected within a delicate ecological web.

Abstract:

Organizational cultural initiatives are not limited to the internal culture of the organization but are influenced by the external culture within which the organization operates. Organizational culture is a relatively new type of organizational analysis that is borrowed from the field of anthropology. It first was described as an organizational unit of concern by Pettigrew (1979). Competitive organizations maintain their competitive advantage through their ability to effectively ?leverage high technology and people in the workplace. High technology and people do not exist in a ?vacuum. How has the environment or culture influenced the use of technology and people? The purpose of this chapter is to: (1) review the cultural initiatives including embedded in environment, adoption of cultural norms, leadership by inspiration, and evidence based management; and (2) present an analysis of issues and concerns related to managing people and technology in an environment that focuses upon a cultural perspective within the organizational process.

Abstract:

The doyen of British field archaeology, O. G. S. Crawford, noted that “The surface of England is a palimpsest, a document that has been written on and erased over and over again“ (Crawford 1953: 51). Many centuries of detailed observation and recording of the English landscape have resulted in a wealth of archaeological data, covering many thousands of years of human habitation. The need to record and decipher these extensive field data has led to the adoption of methods and techniques developed in other disciplines, including that of geography. Geographic information systems are the latest tools to be adopted in the quest for effective methods of field recording and archaeological analysis (for introductory GIS texts, see Aronoff 1989; Burrough 1986; Star and Estes 1990; Tomlin 1990). The applications of GIS in archaeology can be differentiated according to scale and type, although relatively few mature applications currently exist. Studies that have been undertaken range from intrasite to intersite analyses, and from research-driven applications to inventorying and cultural resource management (see for example Allen et al. 1990; Gaffney and Stancic 1991, 1992; Harris and Lock 1992; Larsen 1992; Lock and Harris 1991). This regional study, based on the Iron Age hillfort of Danebury in England represents a contribution to this growing literature and to the development of GIS use in archaeological analysis. This paper has two main aims. First, it seeks to identify and examine the archaeology of the Danebury region within the context of existing archaeological theory and to refine and add to these interpretations where applicable. Second, the paper seeks to undertake this analysis within a GIS environment. Our goal here is to illustrate how GIS can contribute to archaeological analysis, shed new light on existing knowledge, and enhance our understanding of the prehistoric use of the landscape. In landscape archaeology, there are several well-established themes that are strengthened and augmented by the data handling and analytical capabilities of GIS. This paper elaborates and develops these themes in the context of the ongoing archaeological study of the Danebury hillfort region.

Abstract:

This chapter presents research on the UNESCO World Heritage cultural landscape Uluru-Kata Tjuta in Australia. Drawing from ethnographic interviews of heritage experts and archival research, the chapter examines the politics embedded within managing and interpreting cultural landscapes in World Heritage contexts. It asks: how do heritage designations affect claims to traditional homelands, resources, and subsistence and resource management practices? The data show how largely apolitical and ahistorical narratives reconfigured the historical and social conditions of the park and redefined Traditional Owners' relationship to Country. It argues that state and national laws and World Heritage and national park policies work in ways that force Traditional Owners to make claims within systems that are largely incompatible with their custodial responsibilities, knowledge practices, and customary laws.

Abstract:

The general interest of linking GIS capabilities and location-allocation (L-A) techniques to investigate certain spatial problems should be evident. The techniques and the technology are often complementary. A GIS can provide, manage, and display data that L-A models require; in turn, L-A models can enhance GIS analytic capabilities. This combination of information management and analysis should have wide appeal. The technique and technology may be especially wellmatched when one considers many of the special requirements of archaeological applications of L-A models. We intend to investigate and illustrate the value of such a combined approach though the example of a regional settlement analysis of the Late Horizon Basin of Mexico. Geographic information systems are increasingly common in archaeology. Their ability to manage, store, manipulate, and present spatial data is of real value, since the spatial relationship between objects is often an archaeological artifact in its own right. Space is central to both archaeological data (Spaulding 1960; Savage 1990a) and theory (Green 1990). Although GIS may not always offer intrinsically new and different manipulations or analyses of the data, they can make certain techniques easier to apply. There is a wide spectrum of GIS-based modeling applications in archaeology (Allen 1990; Savage 1990a). The anchors of this spectrum range from the use of GIS in the public sector in cultural resource management settings to more research-oriented applications. The strongest development of GIS-based archaeological modeling is probably in the former context. Models developed here are predominantly what Warren (1990) identifies as “inductive” predictive models where patterns in the empirical observations are recognized, usually using statistical methods or probability models. This type of application is usually identified with “site location” modeling (Savage 1990a). As defined, these models do not predict the probable locations of individual sites but rather calculate the probability that a geographic area will contain a site, given its environmental characteristics (Carmichael 1990: 218). The primary role of GIS in many of these applications is to manage and integrate spatial information and feed it to some exterior model.

Abstract:

For almost thirty years Chagnon has been studying the settlement patterns of a large cluster of remote Yanomamö communities in southern Venezuela, documenting population growth, mortality patterns, fissioning, dispersal, and pioneering of adjacent virgin areas of tropical forest. Approximately fifteen villages, with a current (1992) population of about 2000 individuals, have been studied. During a period of some 150 years, members of these communities have cleared and subsequently abandoned approximately five hundred sites whose geographical locations are very poorly known. In 1990 and 1991, Charles Brewer Carías, a Venezuelan naturalist, joined Chagnon in this research effort. Recent field research has resulted in geographic and demographic data suggesting that long-term warfare patterns may be contests over the apparently more desirable lowland areas, where economic activities are less costly in terms of energy and resources are more abundant or easier to obtain. Periodic village movements, provoked by hostilities with neighbors, require that relatively large lowland areas must be controlled so that groups can move around within them and maintain maximum distance from enemy groups. To do this, lowland villages must grow large and politically bellicose. When they fission, usually at a size of about 150 to 200 people, some of the resulting smaller groups are driven out and take refuge in more rugged but economically less productive highland terrain, where they adopt a less bellicose political stance toward their neighbors. Rates of mortality due to warfare, frequencies of abduction of women from neighbors, and other sociodemographic attributes distinguish highland from lowland communities in the overall area (Chagnon 1992). Geographic information systems are considered effective methods for organizing and analyzing the variety of spatial information required to test such hypotheses of relationships between environment and social processes. A GIS-based approach would allow maps of parameters relating to resource distribution and environmental characteristics to be compared to a rich and growing record of field observations. Analysis based on GIS would support data management requirements by allowing accurate identification and positioning of cultural and environmental features within a consistent map base.

Abstract:

<i>Abstract</i> .—The advent of modern fisheries research during the second half of the 19th century was striking in its historical and ethnographic orientation, a precedent set by such pioneering work as George Perkins Marsh’s <i>Man and Nature </i> and the collective labor of the U.S. Fish Commission and certain state fish commissions that followed its lead. This approach served to provide more than limited context or introductory remarks for scientific studies but, with compelling clarity, took seriously the historical and cultural experiences of fishing communities in an effort to structure wide public discourse on the pressing concerns confronting the use of fisheries resources. Hoping to employ knowledge of fisheries history and occupational culture in the service of publicly engaged, progressive policy and management, these investigations reached audiences not just through government reports, but also through popular periodicals and fisheries exhibitions. Today, the work of environmental and cultural history—in conjunction with their vital interdisciplinary links to oral history, anthropology, geography, field documentation, and museology—is revitalizing this tradition and establishing important patterns in how fisheries issues are communicated and deliberated in society. Similar to earlier periods, the implications of these contemporary initiatives are important for those stakeholders wishing to participate in the public culture that frames current fisheries life.

Abstract:

In this presentation, I will show that various multimodal resources—such as utterance, prosody, rhythm, schematic images, and bodily reactions—may integratively contribute to the holistic achievement of poeticity. By incorporating the ideas from “ethnopoetics” (Hymes 1981, 1996) and “gesture studies” (McNeill 1992, 2005), I will present a plurimodal analysis of naturally occurring interactions by highlighting the interplay among the verbal, nonverbal, and corporeal representations. With those observations, I confirm that poeticity is not a distinctive quality restricted to constructed poetry or “high” culture, but rather an endowment to any kind of natural discourse that is co-constructed by various semiotic resources. My claim specifically concerns a renewed interest in an ethnopoetic kata ‘form/ shape/ style/ model’ embraced as performative “habitus” among Japanese speakers (Kataoka 2012). Kata, in its broader sense, is stable as well as versatile, often serving as an organizational “template” for performance, which at opportune moments may change its shape and trajectory according to ongoing developments. In other words, preferred structures are not confined to an emergent management of performance, but should also incorporate culturally embedded practices with immediate (re)actions. In order to promote this claim, I explore a case in which mutually coordinated performance is extensively pursued for sharing sympathy and camaraderie. Such a kata-driven construction was typically observed in a highly involved, interactional interview about the Great East Japan Earthquake, in which both interviewer and interviewee were recursively oriented and attuned to the same rhythmic and organizational pattern consisting of an odd-number of kata. Based on these observations, I argue that indigenous principles of organizing discourse are as crucial as the mechanisms of conversational organization, with the higher-order, macro cultural preferences inevitably infiltrating into the micro management of spontaneous talk.